Synthetic Biology | Narrative Book

🧪

GENE EDIT

Synthetic Biology

Central Hypothesis

“Track gene editing breakthroughs, synthetic organism capabilities, biosecurity risks, and governance gaps in programmable biology.”

Evidence strength · grounded

34 sourced findings

74%

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Base gap switches for programmable cell-free biosensing

DNA-triggered transcriptional…

MetricBase gap switches for programmable cell-free biosensing

ValueDNA-triggered transcriptional switch: seven orthogonal circuits averaged 0.89% crosstalk, reached ON:OFF ratios up to 973:1, and detected targets at 10 fM; Nature Sensors (2026-09-14)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers created base gap switches in which a target DNA fills a designed gap, allowing transcription and translation of a selected protein output. (2) The switches controlled multiple reporters with low leakage, supported orthogonal multiplexing, and detected an EGFR mutation at variant fractions as low as 0.5% in synthetic DNA; a recombinase polymerase amplification version

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Autocatalytic selection of gene functions in synthetic cells

Cell-free DNA…

MetricAutocatalytic selection of gene functions in synthetic cells

ValueCell-free DNA self-replicator: autocatalytic coupling selected functional transcription, metabolic, and nucleotide-synthesis genes from mixed variants in liposome compartments, including enrichment from a 1:4 active to inactive starting mix (Communications Biology, 2026-05-27)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers linked a gene of interest to transcription, metabolism, or DNA replication so its activity fed back into DNA self-replication inside liposomes. (2) The coupling created a genotype to phenotype selection mechanism: functional variants gained replication advantages, including enrichment of the active beta-galactosidase construct from 31% to 51% in a 1:4 starting mixture.

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Self-replicating synthetic cell with integrated membrane biosynthesis

Synthetic genome…

MetricSelf-replicating synthetic cell with integrated membrane biosynthesis

ValueSynthetic genome DNArep-PLsyn: six encoded genes combined DNA self-replication with phospholipid biosynthesis inside liposomes; about 8% of vesicles showed both functions and the genome amplified about 10-fold in 16 hours (Nature Communications, 2026-03-24)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers built a roughly 9.6 kilobase linear genome encoding a phi29 DNA replication module plus four enzymes of the E. coli Kennedy phospholipid pathway, then expressed it in a PURE cell-free system inside liposomes. (2) The genome replicated and produced DOPS, while microscopy found about 8% of more than 34,000 analyzed vesicles had simultaneous DNA replication and lipid

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Eight-letter Hachimoji transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase

Hachimoji genetic alphabet…

MetricEight-letter Hachimoji transcription by E. coli RNA polymerase

ValueHachimoji genetic alphabet: E. coli RNA polymerase efficiently transcribed four natural and four unnatural nucleotides, with P:Z and B:S pairs selectively incorporated; P:Z rates were about two-fold below natural dG:CTP and the Z* analog reduced G misincorporation (Nature Communications, 2026-09-02)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The study reconstituted E. coli multi-subunit RNA polymerase with DNA templates containing the four natural bases plus P, Z, B, and S, and observed selective transcription of both unnatural base pairs. (2) Cryo-EM structures showed P:Z and P:Z* adopting Watson-Crick-like geometry and supporting processive elongation, while replacing Z's nitro group with the Z* carboxamide analog

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Automated prototyping of alternative genetic codes

A robotic cell-free workflow…

MetricAutomated prototyping of alternative genetic codes

ValueAGENTEX: a robotic cell-free workflow tested compressed genetic codes with engineered ribosomes; a 22-codon code incorporated a non-standard amino acid and produced about six-fold more reporter signal than wild-type ribosomes (Nature, 2026-08-26)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Harvard Medical School and Wyss Institute researchers automated DNA assembly, tRNA production, cell-free translation, and peptide testing, then used engineered ribosomes to translate a compressed code with a non-standard amino acid.

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Multi-input mammalian synthetic gene circuits🔴 SPOF

RNA trans-splicing and…

MetricMulti-input mammalian synthetic gene circuits

ValueRNA trans-splicing and synthetic microRNA circuits implemented half-adder, full-adder, and 3-to-1 multiplexer functions in human cells within a single computational layer; the full adder produced the expected outputs across all eight input states (Nature Communications, 2026-08-05)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers combined orthogonal RNA trans-splicing, synthetic microRNAs, and hybrid promoters to build mammalian circuits that integrated two or three input signals and produced fluorescent or IL-15 outputs. (2) The architecture reduced multi-step logic to parallel reactions, while experiments in HEK293T cells verified expected half-adder, full-adder, and selector-overload states.

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Automated synthetic-cell screening for designed protein functions

PUREdrop: automated…

MetricAutomated synthetic-cell screening for designed protein functions

ValuePUREdrop: automated microfluidic synthetic-cell screening identified redesigned FtsZ variants with altered assembly timing and morphology, while using 7.4-fold less cell-free translation reagent per reaction (Nature Communications, 2026-08-15)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers combined programmable DNA loading, cell-free expression in droplets, and time-resolved fluorescence microscopy to screen computationally redesigned FtsZ proteins and protein modulators in synthetic-cell compartments. (2) The platform distinguished variants with earlier or delayed bundle formation, different persistence, and different morphology, and its droplets-on-demand

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Programmable DNA-origami nanosyringe for synthetic-cell control

Synthetic-cell membrane…

MetricProgrammable DNA-origami nanosyringe for synthetic-cell control

ValueSynthetic-cell membrane control: a fuel-actuated DNA-origami nanosyringe reversibly pierced lipid membranes, transported molecular cargo, and triggered localized DNA reactions, RNA transcription, and catalytic RNA cleavage in vesicles (Nature Nanotechnology, 2026-08-11)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers built a modular DNA-origami device with a fuel-triggered sliding needle that anchors to lipid membranes, penetrates them, transports tethered cargo, and retracts to reseal the membrane. (2) In synthetic vesicles, the device initiated membrane-localized hybridization chain reactions, externally triggered RNA transcription, and catalytic RNA cleavage, demonstrating

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Massive-scale parallel synthesis of designed DNA

Oligonucleotide hybridization…

MetricMassive-scale parallel synthesis of designed DNA

ValueMOSAIC: oligonucleotide hybridization assembled more than 1,000 distinct gene fragments in one pot, reached a tested fragment length of 9.9 kilobases, and supported a theoretical 43-million-variant PETase library (Nature Biotechnology, 2026-08-19)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Tsinghua University and Chinese Academy of Sciences researchers replaced enzymatic extension with reversible hybridization of overlapping oligonucleotides, using microchip-synthesized pools to assemble many distinct fragments in parallel.

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Generative design of synthetic gene circuits

RNA circuit design: a…

MetricGenerative design of synthetic gene circuits

ValueRNA circuit design: a conditional VAE generated topologies for target adaptation and evolutionary stability, with test reconstruction R² = 0.97 and high-quality results from roughly 2,000 training samples; npj Systems Biology and Applications (2026-03-16)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The researchers trained a conditional variational autoencoder on simulated three-node RNA circuits and generated new topologies conditioned on adaptation and evolutionary-stability targets. (2) The mechanism is a learned representation of circuit motifs: the model captured adaptation-relevant topologies, and the study reports high-quality generative results with a training set as small as about 2,000 samples. (3) This implies synthetic-biology design may move toward simulation-first, generative searches over circuit architectures, but the paper is a proof of concept on simulated circuits rather than evidence of clinical or industrial deployment.

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Generative models produce complete phage genomes outside known-sequence screening space— increasing↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) A Nature Biotechnology report dated 2026-09-10 describes Evo 1 and Evo 2 generating complete PhiX174-like bacteriophage genome candidates

RiskGenerative models produce complete phage genomes outside known-sequence screening space

Severityhigh

Trendincreasing

DetailCAUSAL: (1) A Nature Biotechnology report dated 2026-09-10 describes Evo 1 and Evo 2 generating complete PhiX174-like bacteriophage genome candidates from models trained on more than 2 million phage genomes; computational filtering produced 302 candidates, each based on an approximately 5.4 kilobase, 11-gene phage template, with sequence diversity beyond observed natural examples.

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Cross-provider DNA fragment orders bypass pathogen screening— increasing↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) A peer-reviewed Nature Communications stress test found that legal DNA fragments ordered from multiple providers could collectively encode

RiskCross-provider DNA fragment orders bypass pathogen screening

Severityhigh

Trendincreasing

DetailCAUSAL: (1) A peer-reviewed Nature Communications stress test found that legal DNA fragments ordered from multiple providers could collectively encode select-agent pathogens, and that voluntary controls did not reliably prevent shipment. (2) The gap arises because regulations and screening often evaluate intact sequences or individual orders, while fragmented orders distributed across providers

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1

USG Policy for Stopping High-Risk Life Sciences Research

The federal government issued a government-wide policy, required by Executive Order 14292, that explicitly prohibits any federal funding for research meeting its definition of 'dangerous…

20%

NameUSG Policy for Stopping High-Risk Life Sciences Research

Key MetricFederal biosecurity policy: bans dangerous gain-of-function research funding; 0% federal support permitted; implementation pending (Source: NIH/OSP, 2026-07-28)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The federal government issued a government-wide policy, required by Executive Order 14292, that explicitly prohibits any federal funding for research meeting its definition of 'dangerous gain-of-function' (DGOF) work, and separately restricts 'international research of concern' conducted in countries with inadequate biosafety oversight. (2) The mechanism is a funding-conditioned ban plus a new independent third-party review body that agencies must stand up within 90 days, with all previously flagged DGOF projects remaining suspended under earlier 2025 notices until agency-specific implementation guidance is published within 120 days. (3) This implies the U.S. government has moved from a project-by-project deliberative gain-of-function review process to a categorical funding prohibition, shifting the compliance burden onto research institutions themselves and creating a period of paused research while oversight mechanisms are built out.

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2

FDA genome-editing safety guidance

FDA issued draft guidance covering sequencing strategies, sample selection, analysis parameters, and reporting for human genome-editing products.

40%

NameFDA genome-editing safety guidance

Key MetricFDA draft: standardized next-generation sequencing recommendations for off-target editing and genome-integrity assessment in ex vivo and in vivo gene therapies; FDA (2026-04-14)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) FDA issued draft guidance covering sequencing strategies, sample selection, analysis parameters, and reporting for human genome-editing products. (2) The mechanism is a common nonclinical safety-assessment roadmap for investigational and licensed products, focused on detecting off-target edits and loss of genome integrity; public comments are open for 90 days before finalization. (3) This implies governance is becoming more operationally specific as programmable gene therapies advance, while the document remains draft guidance rather than a final rule.

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The European Parliament and Council adopted Regulation (EU) 2026/1388 on plants obtained by targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis (new genomic techniques), which entered into force July 16, 2026 and…

60%

Key MetricRegulation (EU) 2026/1388, in force 2026-07-16

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The European Parliament and Council adopted Regulation (EU) 2026/1388 on plants obtained by targeted mutagenesis and cisgenesis (new genomic techniques), which entered into force July 16, 2026 and applies from July 17, 2028. (2) This creates a distinct, lighter-touch category outside the EU's strict 2001 GMO rules for a specific class of gene-edited plants, ending a years-long

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4

Japan binding ban on heritable human genome editing

Japan's new Act on Regulation of Handling of Human Genome-Edited Embryos, etc. closes a specific gap in which 2019 guidance barred transfer of edited embryos to a uterus but carried no penalty, while…

80%

NameJapan binding ban on heritable human genome editing

Key MetricJapan enacted Act No. 70 of 2026 on 2026-07-17: criminal penalties replaced non-binding guidance for reproductive use of genome-edited embryos; Nature Medicine (2026-09-08)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Japan's new Act on Regulation of Handling of Human Genome-Edited Embryos, etc. closes a specific gap in which 2019 guidance barred transfer of edited embryos to a uterus but carried no penalty, while the 2000 cloning law did not cover genome-edited embryos.

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FDA prior-knowledge framework for genome-editing therapies

FDA issued a separate draft framework that lets developers use applicable existing chemistry, manufacturing and controls data, nonclinical results, and clinical information across genome-editing…

100%

NameFDA prior-knowledge framework for genome-editing therapies

Key MetricFDA draft guidance issued June 2, 2026: sponsors may leverage public and platform knowledge across manufacturing, nonclinical, and clinical evidence to streamline development of somatic genome-editing therapies; status: open for comment

DetailCAUSAL: (1) FDA issued a separate draft framework that lets developers use applicable existing chemistry, manufacturing and controls data, nonclinical results, and clinical information across genome-editing programs. (2) The mechanism is a more reusable evidence pathway that can reduce redundant testing and accelerate submissions, while requiring sponsors to justify why prior data apply to the

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Research−85%

Preclinical−70%

Phase I−60%

Phase II−55%

Phase III−40%

Approved

Typical pharma attrition: 90% Research → Approved. Gene therapy tracking better in Phase III.

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R2 retrotransposon gene addition in crops

Plant genome writing: R2…

MetricR2 retrotransposon gene addition in crops

ValuePlant genome writing: R2 retrotransposons inserted full-length gene cassettes into 28S rDNA in tobacco and rice calli; more than 17% of TG construct rice calli became kanamycin positive, but no insertion was detected in more than 500 regenerated T0 plants (Nature Biotechnology, 2026-06-19)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The study repurposed R2 retrotransposon proteins for RNA-templated, double-strand-break-free insertion at plant rDNA safe-harbor loci; it installed GFP and recombinase landing-pad cassettes in Nicotiana benthamiana and kanamycin and ALS cassettes in rice calli.

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Gene-edited crop deregulation

Gene-edited crops approved…

MetricGene-edited crop deregulation

ValueGene-edited crops approved: Monsanto's MON 87429 corn (multi-herbicide resistance) deregulated by USDA APHIS, no longer subject to genetic-engineering oversight (Source: aphis.usda.gov, 2026-08-04)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service deregulated Monsanto Company's MON 87429 corn, engineered for resistance to dicamba, glufosinate, quizalofop, and 2,4-D plus tissue-specific glyphosate resistance for hybrid seed production, removing it entirely from genetic-engineering regulation. (2) The determination rests on APHIS's plant-pest-risk assessment finding the modified corn is unlikely to pose greater plant pest risk than an unmodified comparator, a standard that treats herbicide-stacking edits as agronomically routine rather than novel risk. (3) This implies the regulatory bar for stacking multiple herbicide-resistance traits into a single gene-edited crop continues to clear USDA's plant-pest framework, reinforcing the pattern of multi-trait edited crops reaching commercial deregulation on a predictable administrative timeline rather than facing case-by-case novel scrutiny.

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Industrial biomanufacturing scale-up economics

PHA production costs are…

MetricIndustrial biomanufacturing scale-up economics

ValuePHA production costs are estimated at about US$4-6/kg versus US$1-2/kg for commodity plastics; feedstock contributes 40-50%, fermentation 30-40%, and downstream processing 10-20% of PHA costs; Nature Communications (2026-05-30)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The review's techno-economic synthesis identifies feedstock, fermentation, and downstream recovery as the dominant cost blocks in polyhydroxyalkanoate production, with the total cost still several times the commodity-plastics benchmark.

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1 gram of DNA = ?

🧬1g DNA215 PB

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🏢~1,000data centers

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📦shoebox1 exabyte

Cost trajectory:$3,500/MB now→$100/TB by 2030

DNA storage density and retrieval

Siyuan Code: 1.66 bits per…

MetricDNA storage density and retrieval

ValueSiyuan Code: 1.66 bits per nucleotide and 41 exabytes per gram of DNA, with perfect retrieval using six copies per strand and about 1 MB/s encoding and decoding; Nature Communications (2026-08-27)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The study used a bijective codec that maps binary data onto nearly all suitable low-error DNA sequences while avoiding error-prone patterns, reducing redundancy. (2) In experiments it reached 1.66 bits per nucleotide, 41 exabytes per gram, perfect retrieval with six copies per strand, and approximately 1 MB/s encoding and decoding on commodity hardware.

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Engineered gut microbes for inflammation sensing

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron…

MetricEngineered gut microbes for inflammation sensing

ValueBacteroides thetaiotaomicron engineered to detect deoxycholic acid and nitric oxide and either secrete interleukin-35 or display trefoil factor in mouse gut; Nature Microbiology (2026-08-27)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The cited work reprogrammed a prevalent human gut commensal to sense two inflammation-associated signals and couple detection to either an anti-inflammatory IL-35 output or a trefoil-factor repair output. (2) This creates a programmable sensor-effector circuit in a gut microorganism, linking local disease-state recognition to therapeutic payload delivery in vivo.

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Engineered phage-based CRISPR antimicrobials

EPICIrsaE: nonreplicative…

MetricEngineered phage-based CRISPR antimicrobials

ValueePICIrsaE: nonreplicative synthetic phage-inducible chromosomal island carrying CRISPR-Cas9 killed Staphylococcus aureus in a murine mastitis model, inhibited 17 of 20 bovine mastitis isolates versus 9 of 20 for helper phage 80alpha, and acted without recipient chromosomal integration - npj Biofilms and Microbiomes (2026-03-24)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) The engineered island packages Cas9 and a guide RNA in a helper-phage capsid, then targets a conserved Staphylococcus aureus regulatory RNA after delivery. (2) It killed bacteria in vivo even when the target strain's protein biofilm protected it in vitro, and its activity did not require integration into the recipient chromosome.

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Long pathogen sequences in non-custom repositories evade screening— new↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) A 2026 risk framework identifies a specific acquisition gap: US synthesis guidance did not address customer screening for non-custom repos

RiskLong pathogen sequences in non-custom repositories evade screening

Severityhigh

Trendnew

DetailCAUSAL: (1) A 2026 risk framework identifies a specific acquisition gap: US synthesis guidance did not address customer screening for non-custom repository materials, including long viral sequences and reverse-genetics systems transferred between laboratories; the paper also cites an estimate that only 15% of global synthetic DNA providers screen for sequences of concern.

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AI-generated biological sequences evade known-pathogen DNA screening— increasing↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) A comparative analysis of synthetic biology, AI and automation across 16 jurisdictions reports that current DNA-synthesis screening is bui

RiskAI-generated biological sequences evade known-pathogen DNA screening

Severityhigh

Trendincreasing

DetailCAUSAL: (1) A comparative analysis of synthetic biology, AI and automation across 16 jurisdictions reports that current DNA-synthesis screening is built around matching known pathogen databases, while AI-generated sequences may be novel enough to evade those matches yet still have concerning functions; it also finds no surveyed jurisdiction with specific rules for AI-designed biological

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Mobile CRISPR cargo could spread population-level bacterial edits beyond the intended target— new↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) Researchers built pPro-MobV, a conjugatively transferable plasmid that delivers a self-amplifying CRISPR editing system into bacterial rec

RiskMobile CRISPR cargo could spread population-level bacterial edits beyond the intended target

Severityhigh

Trendnew

DetailCAUSAL: (1) Researchers built pPro-MobV, a conjugatively transferable plasmid that delivers a self-amplifying CRISPR editing system into bacterial recipients; laboratory conjugation frequency was about 40%. (2) Induction reduced ampicillin-resistant colony recovery by about 1,000-fold and reduced resistance by 3 to 5 logs across tested recipient genotypes.

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Mobile genetic elements can fuse plasmids and expand bacterial resistance transfer— new↑ RISING

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CAUSAL: (1) A study of Staphylococcus aureus found that transposases and homologous recombination can fuse distinct plasmids into multireplicon elemen

RiskMobile genetic elements can fuse plasmids and expand bacterial resistance transfer

Severityhigh

Trendnew

DetailCAUSAL: (1) A study of Staphylococcus aureus found that transposases and homologous recombination can fuse distinct plasmids into multireplicon elements with expanded gene content and transfer potential. (2) Antibiotic pressure enriched the fused plasmids, while opposing phage selection favored deletion derivatives that retained essential functions and transmissibility.

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U.S. defense biomanufacturing investment

Department of Defense…

MetricU.S. defense biomanufacturing investment

ValueDepartment of Defense biomanufacturing investment: US$965.2 million since 2021 across three initiatives supporting domestic supply chains and facility scale-up; two initiatives are planned to end after FY2027 and FY2028; GAO (2026-02-26)

DetailCAUSAL: (1) GAO reports that DOD invested $965.2 million across initiatives for military-lab maturation, a national facility network, and commercial-scale domestic biomaterials production. (2) The spending responds to identified dependence on foreign suppliers and an infrastructure gap, especially insufficient pilot-scale capacity to move promising biotechnology from laboratory work to commercial

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▸Verified Sources (169)

This topic's hunt pipeline cites only these 169 domains — no general web sources.

Government / Regulator

U.S. NIH — nih.gov
U.S. FDA — fda.gov
U.S. CDC — cdc.gov
USDA (biotech crops) — usda.gov
European Medicines Agency — ema.europa.eu
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — epa.gov
National Human Genome Research Institute — genome.gov
U.S. Federal Select Agent Program — selectagents.gov
India Department of Biotechnology — dbtindia.gov.in
European Food Safety Authority — efsa.europa.eu
European Chemicals Agency — echa.europa.eu
UK Health and Safety Executive — hse.gov.uk
UK Food Standards Agency — food.gov.uk
UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs — defra.gov.uk
Robert Koch Institute — rki.de
French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety — anses.fr
Japan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries — maff.go.jp
Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare — mhlw.go.jp

International Organisation

World Health Organization — who.int

Research / Journal

NCBI / GenBank — ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Nature — nature.com
Science (AAAS) — science.org
Cell Press — cell.com
PNAS — pnas.org
The Lancet — thelancet.com
bioRxiv — biorxiv.org
medRxiv — medrxiv.org
EMBO Press — embopress.org
arXiv — arxiv.org
eLife — elifesciences.org
PLOS — plos.org

Primary Lab / Company

Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard — broadinstitute.org
Wellcome Sanger Institute — sanger.ac.uk
European Molecular Biology Laboratory — embl.org
Joint BioEnergy Institute — jbei.org
J. Craig Venter Institute — jcvi.org
Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering — wyss.harvard.edu
Institut Pasteur — pasteur.fr

Statistical / Data Agency

DNA Data Bank of Japan — ddbj.nig.ac.jp
European Bioinformatics Institute — ebi.ac.uk
Ensembl — ensembl.org
RCSB Protein Data Bank — rcsb.org
Protein Data Bank Japan — pdbj.org
UniProt Consortium — uniprot.org
Europe PMC — europepmc.org

Non-Profit / Archive

U.S. National Academies — nationalacademies.org
American Society for Microbiology — asm.org
Addgene (plasmid repository) — addgene.org
iGEM Foundation — igem.org
Synthetic Biology Open Language Community — sbolstandard.org

Applies to all topics (119)

United Nations — un.org
World Bank — worldbank.org
IMF — imf.org
OECD — oecd.org
European Commission — ec.europa.eu
U.S. Congress — congress.gov
U.S. GAO — gao.gov
UNESCO — unesco.org
UN Environment Programme — unep.org
UN Development Programme — undp.org
International Telecommunication Union — itu.int
World Intellectual Property Organization — wipo.int
World Meteorological Organization — wmo.int
International Atomic Energy Agency — iaea.org
International Civil Aviation Organization — icao.int
International Maritime Organization — imo.org
UN Food and Agriculture Organization — fao.org
International Labour Organization — ilo.org
UNCTAD — unctad.org
UN Human Rights Office — ohchr.org
UN Refugee Agency — unhcr.org
International Organization for Migration — iom.int
UN Office on Drugs and Crime — unodc.org
UNICEF — unicef.org
World Food Programme — wfp.org
World Trade Organization — wto.org
Bank for International Settlements — bis.org
Financial Action Task Force — fatf-gafi.org
IPCC — ipcc.ch
International Renewable Energy Agency — irena.org
International Energy Agency — iea.org
African Union — au.int
ASEAN — asean.org
Organization of American States — oas.org
CARICOM — caricom.org
Pacific Islands Forum — forumsec.org
African Development Bank — afdb.org
Asian Development Bank — adb.org
Inter-American Development Bank — iadb.org
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank — aiib.org
EBRD — ebrd.com
Council of Europe — coe.int
OSCE — osce.org
South Africa Government — gov.za
Statistics South Africa — statssa.gov.za
South African Reserve Bank — resbank.co.za
Central Bank of Nigeria — cbn.gov.ng
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics — knbs.or.ke
Central Bank of Kenya — centralbank.go.ke
Bank of Ghana — bog.gov.gh
Central Bank of Egypt — cbe.org.eg
Bank Al-Maghrib (Morocco) — bkam.ma
Rwanda National Institute of Statistics — statistics.gov.rw
Government of China — gov.cn
China National Bureau of Statistics — stats.gov.cn
People's Bank of China — pbc.gov.cn
Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs — mofa.go.jp
Statistics Bureau of Japan — stat.go.jp
Bank of Japan — boj.or.jp
Government of South Korea — korea.kr
Bank of Korea — bok.or.kr
Statistics Korea — kostat.go.kr
Government of India — india.gov.in
Reserve Bank of India — rbi.org.in
India Ministry of Statistics — mospi.gov.in
Press Information Bureau of India — pib.gov.in
Government of Singapore — gov.sg
Monetary Authority of Singapore — mas.gov.sg
Singapore Department of Statistics — singstat.gov.sg
Bank Negara Malaysia — bnm.gov.my
Malaysia Department of Statistics — dosm.gov.my
Bank Indonesia — bi.go.id
Statistics Indonesia — bps.go.id
Bank of Thailand — bot.or.th
State Bank of Vietnam — sbv.gov.vn
State Bank of Pakistan — sbp.org.pk
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics — pbs.gov.pk
Bangladesh Bank — bb.org.bd
Central Bank of Sri Lanka — cbsl.gov.lk
Nepal Rastra Bank — nrb.org.np
Saudi Central Bank — sama.gov.sa
Saudi General Authority for Statistics — stats.gov.sa
United Arab Emirates Government — u.ae
Central Bank of the UAE — centralbank.ae
Qatar Central Bank — qcb.gov.qa
Bank of Israel — boi.org.il
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics — cbs.gov.il
Central Bank of Turkey — tcmb.gov.tr
Turkish Statistical Institute — tuik.gov.tr
Government of Brazil — gov.br
IBGE (Brazil statistics) — ibge.gov.br
Central Bank of Brazil — bcb.gov.br
Government of Mexico — gob.mx
INEGI (Mexico statistics) — inegi.org.mx
Bank of Mexico — banxico.org.mx
Government of Argentina — argentina.gob.ar
INDEC (Argentina statistics) — indec.gob.ar
Central Bank of Argentina — bcra.gob.ar
Central Bank of Chile — bcentral.cl
Chile National Statistics Institute — ine.cl
DANE (Colombia statistics) — dane.gov.co
Bank of the Republic (Colombia) — banrep.gov.co
Central Reserve Bank of Peru — bcrp.gob.pe
INEI (Peru statistics) — inei.gob.pe
Australian Bureau of Statistics — abs.gov.au
Reserve Bank of Australia — rba.gov.au
Government of New Zealand — govt.nz
Stats NZ — stats.govt.nz
Reserve Bank of New Zealand — rbnz.govt.nz
Government of the United Kingdom — gov.uk
UK Office for National Statistics — ons.gov.uk
Bank of England — bankofengland.co.uk
Swiss Federal Administration — admin.ch
Swiss National Bank — snb.ch
Statistics Norway — ssb.no
Statistics Sweden — scb.se
Government of Canada — canada.ca
Statistics Canada — statcan.gc.ca
Bank of Canada — bankofcanada.ca